Studies of the cerebral vascular system have mainly focused on the arteries ( Dorr et al., 2007 Scremin, 2012), and studies of veins remain very scarce and have been limited to the level of the primary veins in the pial surface and inside the brain ( Dorr et al., 2007 Scremin, 2012). However, there have been no reports of the fine vascular system of both the arteries and veins in one and the same mouse brain. Some fantastic reconstructed and statistical results of the vessels have been acquired in the cerebral cortex ( Tsai et al., 2009 Blinder et al., 2013 Uludag and Blinder, 2017) and some useful analysis methods and parameters were proposed ( Cassot et al., 2006 Tsai et al., 2009 Lorthois et al., 2014 Wu et al., 2014). The vascular casting and Indian-Ink perfusion method can produce high quality and resolution vascular images, though the cytoarchitecture is not included in the reported and public data.
#INDIA INK STAINING WHOLE BLOOD SERIAL#
et al., 2008), serial two-photon tomography (STP) combined with fluorescence labeling ( Amato et al., 2016), can be used to acquire high-resolution mouse cerebral vascular datasets in large areas. For example, μCT combined with vascular casting ( Heinzer et al., 2006, 2008), MOST ( Li et al., 2010) using Indian-Ink perfusion ( Xue et al., 2014) and Nissl staining ( Wu et al., 2014, 2016 Yuan et al., 2015), KESM combined with Indian-Ink perfusion ( Mayerich et al., 2011 Ryang et al., 2011 Pesavento et al., 2017), and Nissl staining ( Mayerich D. Recently, great progress has been made in many techniques used to image whole brain vascular structures. However, our knowledge of the cerebral vascular system remains remarkably incomplete, especially in veins. Therefore, the structures of the arterial and venous vascular system, the distributing patterns of the vascular system within the brain tissues and the detailed information of microvessels form a basis for understanding brain function and pathology ( Hirsch et al., 2012). Both the arteries and veins are very important to the brain as the consequences of occlusion of arteries and veins are well known ( Sekhar et al., 2002 Blinder et al., 2010). The arteries transport the blood to the different brain regions while veins collect the blood. Alterations of the vascular structure can be found in brain pathologies, such as stroke, Alzheimer's, and tumors ( Meyer et al., 2008 Blinder et al., 2010 Hirsch et al., 2012 Xie et al., 2012). A fine and complete vascular system of arteries, veins and capillaries provides the structural basis for ensuring the supply from the bloodstream ( Zlokovic, 2005 Meyer et al., 2008 Hirsch et al., 2012 Zhang et al., 2012). The oxygen and nutrients used to maintain the normal function of the neurons and glial cells in brain tissues are supplied continuously by the bloodstream ( Iadecola, 2004 Attwell et al., 2010 Hirsch et al., 2012). The mammalian brain is the organ that consumes the most energy. Our precise cerebral vascular atlas provides an important resource and approach for quantitative studies of brain functions and diseases. Reconstruction and statistical analysis of the microvascular network, including derivation of quantitative vascular densities, indicate significant differences mainly in vessels with diameters less than 8 μm and large than 20 μm across different brain regions. The distributing patterns of the vascular system within the brain regions were acquired and our results show that the patterns of individual vessels are different from each other. Based on the brain-wide vascular spatial structures and brain regions indicated by cytoarchitecture in one and the same mouse brain, we reconstructed and annotated the vascular system atlas of both arteries and veins of the whole mouse brain for the first time. Using micro-optical sectioning tomography (MOST) with a modified Nissl staining method, we acquired five mouse brain data sets containing arteries, veins, and microvessels. Making a precise atlas for cerebral arteries and veins has been a century-old objective in neuroscience and neuropathology.
Understanding amazingly complex brain functions and pathologies requires a complete cerebral vascular atlas in stereotaxic coordinates. 2MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.1Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.Benyi Xiong 1,2 Anan Li 1,2 Yang Lou 1,2 Shangbin Chen 1,2 Ben Long 1,2 Jie Peng 1,2 Zhongqin Yang 1,2 Tonghui Xu 1,2 Xiaoquan Yang 1,2 Xiangning Li 1,2 Tao Jiang 1,2 Qingming Luo 1,2 Hui Gong 1,2 *
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